[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 98-2797
D. C. Docket No. 96-00064-CR-T-23E
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
DOUGLAS J. CARPA, EMILIO L. IPPOLITO, JACK W. WARREN,
LAURENT J. MOORE, SUSAN MOKDAD, and CHARLES P. DUNNIGAN,
Defendants-Appellants.
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
(October 29, 2001)
Before EDMONDSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and SHAPIRO*, District Judge.
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* Honorable Norma L. Shapiro, U.S. District Judge for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
PER CURIAM:
Defendants appeal their convictions and the
district judge’s denial of their post-trial motions, including a motion for a new
trial because of alleged juror misconduct. This court has jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. §
3742(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
On March 15, 1996, a federal grand jury in
the Middle District of Florida returned an 18-count indictment against defendants Emilio
Ippolito ("Ippolito"), Susan Mokdad ("Mokdad"), Phillip Marsh
("Marsh"), Douglas Carpa ("Carpa"), Richard Brown ("Brown"),
Charles Dunnigan ("Dunnigan"), Jack Warren ("Warren"), and Laurent
Moore ("Moore"), for violations of federal law, including attempts to obstruct
state and federal court proceedings by threatening jurors. The district judge, on the
Government’s motion and over defendants’ vigorous objection, empaneled an
"innominate" jury,[1] and assigned each prospective
juror an identification number. The trial lasted from May 28 until August 13, 1997. Brown
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The district judge preferred to describe the jury as “innominate,” not “anonymous,”
because anonymous connotes a “clandestine, forbidden, and obscure” jury panel. See 6/9/98 Dist. Ct. Op. at 1. The only facts not known to the parties were names,
addresses, and exact places of work. See
id. We will refer to the jury as
innominate as did the district judge.
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was acquitted of all charges, Carpa was convicted of all charges, and the remaining
defendants were found guilty of some counts and not guilty of others.
I.
As a threshold issue, we are concerned about
the district judge’s investigation of charges of juror misconduct.[2] Our decision turns on few of the
many facts
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[2] We will not write in detail about all the issues presented.
Several issues raised by pro se Defendant Carpa are frivolous: (1)
that the district court violated the Inter-American Convention Against Corruption; (2)
that the district court erred in excluding the testimony of three “expert”
witnesses proffered by Carpa; (3) that the district court erred in refusing to permit
Carpa to argue a “justification” defense to the obstruction charges; (4) that
the district court erred in failing to recognize the difference between a “pro per”
and “pro se” defendant; (5) that the district court erred in failing to act on
Carpa’s Affidavit of Probable Cause proving Government duplicity;” (6) that the
district court was a “military tribunal” instead of an Article III court because
the U.S. flag in the courtroom had a gold fringe; (7) that the Government “sandbagged”
Carpa at trial; (8) that the district court erred in denying Carpa’s “Writ of
Error Coram Nobis Where Sentence has not been Served;” (9) that the district court
erred in failing to dismiss “the defective indictment;” (10) that the district
court erred in failing to admit several “judicial notices” proffered by Carpa;
(11) that the district court erred in failing to issue a subpoena sought by Carpa; and
(12) that the district court erred in “not assisting Pro Per Defendants to get at the
truth.”
Defendant Carpa also
argues that the district court erred by: (1) empaneling an anonymous jury; (2) failing to
dismiss the case for improper venue; (3) denying motions to sever trials with
co-defendants; (4) failing to recuse himself from the trial; (5) refusing to admit
evidence on jury nullification; (6) limiting cross-examination of government witnesses;
(7) failing to unseal the names of the state court jurors with whom the Defendants were
accused of tampering; and (8) improperly instructing the jury. He also contends that
his conviction violates the 1st Amendment, that 18 U.S.C. § 1503 is
unconstitutionally vague, and that prosecutorial misconduct rendered his trial unfair.
Defendant Moore also argues that the trial
court erred by denying his request to unseal the names and addresses of the jury in the
state court case, failing to sever the trials of the defendants, failing to order a
mistrial due to outburst of co-defendants, and permitting a Motion to Enhance Sentence
without sufficient notice to Defendant.
Defendant Warren
asserts that he was entitled to acquittal on his obstruction of justice charge
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adduced, proceedings conducted, and decisions rendered by the district
judge throughout the long, difficult trial. Only those facts relevant to this decision
will be stated below.
During voir dire, the district
judge asked each prospective juror whether he or she had been "charged with a crime?
And by that I mean something you understood might have resulted in being imprisoned if you
were convicted." 6/3/97 Transcript, at 147. Juror 505 responded, "I was stopped
last year and charged with driving with a suspended driver’s license. It was an
unpaid traffic ticket. It has since been resolved, no problem." Id. at 148.
The district judge stated, "All right," and proceeded to the next juror. Id.
at 148. In fact, during the entire trial, Juror 505 was: (1) on probation following a
Florida felony arrest for driving with a suspended license; and (2) required to serve 60
days in jail on weekends. See 3/12/98 Transcript of Proceedings before Circuit
Judge Douglas Baird. It is unclear from the record whether any portion of this sentence
was actually served during the trial.
The district judge empaneled twelve petit
jurors and six alternates; juror 505 was an alternate. At the end of evidence but before
deliberation, the district judge
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due to insufficiency of
the evidence. Defendant Mokdad claims she was
denied her right of self-representation, and joins in a number of points raised by the
other defendants.
We conclude that alone or cumulatively,
none of the issues listed in this footnote present reversible error.
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excused a juror on a motion by the defense. Juror 505, as first alternate, became a
petit juror. Juror 505 subsequently participated in deliberations and remained present
during announcement of the verdicts on August 13, 1997.
On October 30, 1997, Robert Gaskin, Esq.
("Gaskin"), of Pinellas County, Florida, contacted Thomas Ostrander, Esq.
("Ostrander"), counsel for Ippolito. Gaskin advised Ostrander that he had
recently taken the sworn deposition of a party in a marriage dissolution action, and the
deponent identified himself as a member of the petit jury that rendered verdicts in the
Ippolito trial. Ostrander asked Gaskin not to provide him with the juror’s
identifying information because of the innominate jury order. See 11/4/97 letter
from Ostrander to Judge Merryday, Docket #776. Gaskin stated that the deponent had
admitted to: (1) being charged and convicted of numerous felonies; and (2) having been on
probation before, during, and after his tenure as a juror in the Ippolito trial.
Ostrander communicated the information he
received from Gaskin to the district judge. See 11/4/97 letter from Ostrander to
Judge Merryday, Docket #776. The district judge asked the Federal Bureau of Investigation
("FBI") to investigate the facts surrounding Gaskin’s allegations, see
6/9/98 Dist. Ct. Op. at 5, and to identify and investigate the juror and his criminal
record.
The FBI assigned Agent Robert Coffin
("Coffin") to investigate; Coffin
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deduced that the suspect was Juror 505. Coffin interviewed Juror 505,[3] once in the presence of Deputy Marshal Billy Walker, and once
in the presence of Assistant United States Attorneys ("AUSAs") Ernest Peluso
(the AUSA who prosecuted defendants) and Robert Monk. Coffin interviewed the Florida
probation officer assigned to Juror 505 once alone, and once in the presence of AUSAs
Peluso and Monk. Coffin’s interviews of Juror 505 and his probation officer were not
in the presence of defense counsel or the district judge.
Defendants moved for a mistrial based on the
allegations concerning Juror 505. The district judge held hearings on Juror 505's alleged
misconduct on April 6 and 8, 1998 ("the hearings").[4]
Evidence was adduced that between 1988 and 1997, Juror 505 was charged with burglary,
contributing to the delinquency of a minor, disorderly conduct, grand theft, and driving
with a license suspended or revoked. Each charge was either dropped or received an
"adjudication withheld," a Florida procedure suspending a jail sentence and
placing defendant directly on probation.
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[3] Defendants did not lack diligence
in raising the juror misconduct issue; the innominate jury prevented more timely discovery
of the alleged misconduct.
4
On April 7, counsel for Moore, acting as representative for all defendants, participated
in and confirmed the agent’s compilation of Juror 505's criminal record. But there were questions about Juror 505's criminal
record at the April 8 hearing that neither Agent Coffin, the Government, nor counsel for
defendants could answer. Juror 505's presence
at the April 6 and 8 hearings would have aided the district judge in clearly understanding
the nature of the juror’s prior arrests, convictions, and violations of probation.
6
In 1991, Juror 505 violated probation on the burglary charge, entered a guilty plea,
but was still not convicted of a felony. In October, 1996, Juror 505 pled no contest to
driving with a license suspended or revoked; his prior traffic infractions upgraded the
offense to a third degree felony. Adjudication was withheld, but Juror 505 nevertheless
was sentenced to 60 days in custody and 18 months probation.
On March 12, 1998, Juror 505 had moved the
Florida court to modify his sixty day jail sentence; Judge Douglas Baird originally stated
that Juror 505 had to complete his jail sentence, but after learning of Juror 505's
service on the jury that convicted some defendants, Judge Baird waived the jail portion of
his sentence. See 4/7/98 Order of Honorable Douglas W. Baird.
Juror 505 was not called to testify at the
hearings; the only witness heard was Coffin. Coffin testified to Juror 505's criminal
record as obtained through: (1) NCIC, the national crime tracking system; (2) interviews
with Juror 505; and (3) interviews with Juror 505's probation officer. The NCIC report was
incomplete; Coffin was unable to answer difficult questions about Juror 505's record. The
District judge acknowledged the "ambiguity as to [Juror 505's] degree of fault [in
prior arrests]." See 6/9/98 Dist. Ct. Op. at 15. But at various times during
the hearings, the district judge expressed reluctance to order a new trial, presumably
because of the length and complexity of the trial. See, e.g., 4/6/98 Hrg. Transcr.
at
7
65, 84; 4/8/98 Hrg. Transcr. at 52.
After the hearings, the district judge,
denying defense motions for mistrial, concluded that there was no juror misconduct for
lack of evidence that Juror 505 was dishonest or biased. The district judge found that
Juror 505: (1) had adjudications withheld on several occasions and served several
probationary terms, but had no federal or state felony convictions; (2) never had his
civil rights suspended or terminated; (3) had no felony charges pending against him at the
time of trial; and (4) satisfied the statutory qualification to sit as a juror under 28
U.S.C. § 1865.
The district judge reasoned that: (1) the
mixed verdict was strong evidence that Juror 505 was not biased; (2) retrial would involve
large expenditures of time and expense; and (3) Juror 505 did not actively elect to
withhold or deflect his criminal record, and if he did, it was to minimize his
embarrassment. The district judge implied that any error related to Juror 505 was harmless
error. The district judge based his decision on Coffin’s hearsay testimony of Juror
505's criminal record and motive.
In April, 1998, Juror 505's identity was
revealed by an unknown source; his picture was posted on the internet and his name printed
in newspapers. The district judge requested an FBI investigation into the release of Juror
505's identity because
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it violated court orders restricting the identification of jurors.
II.
Errors during voir dire can so
affect a trial that they warrant a new trial. But "[a] litigant is entitled to a fair
trial, but not a perfect one." McDonough Power Equip., Inc. v. Greenwood, 464
U.S. 548, 553 (1984). Courts should "ignore errors that do not affect the essential
fairness of the trial." Id.; see also 28 U.S.C. § 2111 (harmless error
statute). Voir dire examination serves to protect the right to a jury
capable and willing to decide the case solely on the evidence before it. See McDonough,
464 U.S. at 554. To invalidate the result of a long and burdensome trial because of a
juror’s mistaken, though honest, response to a question, "is to insist on
something closer to perfection than our judicial system can be expected to give." Id.
at 555.
To obtain a new trial for juror misconduct
during voir dire, a party must: 1) demonstrate that a juror failed to answer
honestly a material question on voir dire, and then 2) show that a correct
response would have provided a valid basis for a challenge for cause.[5]
See McDonough Power Equip. v. Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548,
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5
A pending or final felony conviction is a valid basis for challenge for cause. See 28 U.S.C. § 1865(b)(5) (“a person
shall be deemed qualified to serve on a grand or petit jury unless he has a charge pending
against him for the commission of, or has been convicted in a State or Federal court of
record of, a crime punishable by imprisonment for more than one year and his civil rights
have not been restored.”)
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556 (1984). McDonough first "requires a determination of whether the
juror’s answers were honest." BankAtlantic v. Blythe Eastman Paine Webber,
Inc., 955 F.2d 1467, 1473 (11th Cir. 1992). Then, there must be a showing of bias that
would disqualify the juror. See id.; United States v. Perkins, 748
F.2d 1519, 1532 (11th Cir. 1984). Bias may be shown either by express admission or by
proof of specific facts showing such a close connection to the circumstances at hand that
bias must be presumed. See BankAtlantic, 955 F.2d at 1473. A juror’s
dishonesty is a strong indication that of bias. See Perkins, 748 F.2d at
1532. If a court determines there was actual bias, the juror’s inclusion in the petit
jury is never harmless error. See McDonough, 464 U.S. at 556.
In BankAtlantic, a civil action, we
denied a motion for a new trial because a jury foreman’s private reading of a
newspaper article about a party did not create a reasonable possibility of prejudice. See
BankAtlantic, 955 F.2d at 1472-73. In Perkins, a criminal action, we granted
a motion for a new trial because a juror did not correctly answer voir dire
questions concerning whether he knew the defendant and whether he had been involved in
prior civil and criminal litigation. Perkins, 748 F.2d at 1532. The juror in Perkins
also told the jury during deliberations that he knew the defendant and/or had served on a
committee with him. Id. at 1533.
Investigation of alleged juror misconduct
"is committed to the discretion of
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the district court and is reviewed only for an abuse of that discretion." United
States v. Prosperi, 201 F.3d 1335, 1340 (11th Cir. 2000). A court enjoys
"substantial discretion in choosing the investigative procedure to be used in
checking for juror misconduct." United States v. Register, 182 F.3d 820, 840
(11th Cir. 1999). However, the district judge erred in his supervision of the joint
FBI-Prosecution private examination of Juror 505.[6] There
seems now to be an insufficiently investigated possibility that Juror 505 was both
dishonest and biased during voir dire and throughout the trial. The district
judge had broad discretion to investigate Juror 505, but he never questioned the juror
himself and did not establish a sufficient evidentiary record either to determine whether
Juror 505 was honest and unprejudiced or to allow us to review the determination.
The conclusions regarding Juror 505 were
based primarily on hearsay evidence by Agent Coffin; there remain significant,
appeal-determinative issues of: 1) whether juror 505 was influenced from the outset by the
possibility of getting
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6 We understand that concerns about the juror’s
anonymity required special procedures for investigation.
Allowing the pertinent prosecutor to be present, however, without defense
counsel, during the investigation raises serious concerns.
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his sentence reduced so that his responses to the voir dire questions
were deliberately deceptive (in fact, his sixty day custodial sentence was vacated because
of his service on the jury); and 2) whether the Government’s - the same prosecutor
who tried the underlying case - unsupervised ex parte participation in the
FBI investigation influenced Juror 505 and/or Agent Coffin. Defendants may have failed to
prove dishonesty and bias because they did not have the opportunity to participate (as did
the prosecutors) in the investigation of Juror 505.
The Government argues that actual bias cannot be proved because prejudice could only be
shown if Juror 505 held the Government to a lower standard of proof than the law requires;
Juror 505 told Coffin that he held the Government to a greater burden of proof than the
law requires.[7] The juror’s response tends to show bias
by the juror because he disregarded court instructions.
On remand and after a proper investigation
by the district court, including his own questioning of the juror in camera if necessary
(and cross-examination of the juror by defense counsel unless the district court finds
such an examination too risky and sets out specific reasons for the finding), the district
judge must redetermine whether Juror 505 was ever convicted of or had a charge pending for
a felony under 28 U.S.C. § 1865(b)(5), and whether Juror 505's response to the court
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Coffin testified that Juror 505 stated he held the Government to more than proof beyond a
reasonable doubt, i.e., to a 100 percent standard of proof.
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questioning could have been honestly mistaken or, even if technically accurate, was
deliberately intended to deceive to permit him to serve on this jury.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of
the district court is AFFIRMED except the district court’s denial of the
motion for a new trial based on juror misconduct is VACATED and the case is REMANDED
for further proceedings on that motion.
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